Viruses And Its Effects On Humans - 1404 Words

Though viruses may seem as though it only has the potential to cause harm, recent studies have surfaced to change its bad reputation. Common known viruses such as Ebola, rabies, influenza, HIV and more are known to show harmful reactions to humans, sometimes even possible to cause death. Because of the way they work, viruses such as the human immunodeficiency virus has been looked into in terms of reprogramming, ending in a result that could possibly be an option to treat another catastrophic epidemic of humans, cancer. What are viruses? Viruses are small infectious agents that replicate inside the living cells of other organisms. Viruses particles are one hundred times smaller than a human cell. Viruses are not alive. They cannot grow†¦show more content†¦In the lytic cycle, the virus particle attaches itself to the host cell in a process called absorption. The virus particle then injects either its DNA or RNA into the host cell, in a process for entry. This invading DNA or RNA takes over the cell and recruits the hosts enzymes**.(add citation)** These enzymes now start making new virus particles, in a process called replication. The particles of the virus that were created by the cell could then come together to form new viruses. These now newly formed viruses can then kill the cell so they may break free through lysis and search for a new host cell, in a process called release. The lysogenic cycle is another form of viral reproduction that involves the fusion of the nucleic acid of a bacteriophage with th at of a host. Their viral genome will integrate with host DNA and replicate along with it fairly harmlessly. This virus then remains dormant until the hosts conditions deteriorate, which is when prophages become active. At this point they initiate the reproductive cycle, resulting in lysis of the host cell. As the cycle allows the host cell to continue to survive and reproduce, the virus is reproduced in all of the cell’s offspring (George 1996). How does HIV affect the body? Infection with HIV is particularly troublesome for the immune system because it infects and destroys immune system cells.(Bagby, 2015) Untreated, the disease progresses over a few years to AIDS,

Racial Profiling And The Civil War - 1902 Words

Racial profiling dates back to as earlier as the 1700s. It was during this time, that many African Americans were used as slaves, and those African Americans who were free were required to carry registry papers to claim they were indeed free. Though they were free, those African Americans were still racially profiled in Southern states. Some of the southern states even sent out special slave patrols that would hunt for what they believed to be escaped slaves. Members of these groups, if they found free African Americans accused them of being runaway slaves (Gale Opposing). After the Civil War, laws such as segregation laws, and Jim Crow laws were created to form more separation. These laws kept blacks and whites separate in public places such as restrooms, churches, public transportation, restaurants, and schools (Gale Opposing). Laws today for racial profiling may have changed, but attitudes toward it have not. We find that years later racial profiling continues, and many people are suspected of committing crimes for little more than the color of their skin. Police today use more racially driven practices to try and accuse many of crimes (Gale Opposing). Practices such as Stop and Frisk have proven to be more hurtful than useful, with data supporting that this practice has no proven practical use these actions are seen as a serious act of unfair racial scrutiny and are of no use in society today. According to Gale, Racial profiling is the controversial and illegalShow MoreRelatedRacial Profiling And The Civil War On Drugs1342 Words   |  6 Pagesthink of racial profiling as relatively recent phenomena that manifested in the 1980s, as the news of Blacks being pulled over for â€Å"driving while black† began making national headlines. Racial Profiling is a new term for action against black people that, dates back 300 years and is a not relatively recent manifestation of discriminatory conduct by police and the criminal justice system which dates back to the 1700s in the United States for people of African descent. Many equate the war on drugsRead MoreRacial Profiling And The Civil War On Drugs Essay1584 Words   |  7 Pageslong as I can remember, there have always been numerous instances of civil injustices being committed against African American drivers stemming all the way back to the Rodney King Incident in 1991 to as recently as 2015 when a woman was wrongfully arrested in Texas for driving while black. Many people would argue that it is the war on drugs that has caused law enforcement to continually abuse their power, but in actuality the war on drugs is not even specifically targeting narcotics anymore, the governmentRead More The War on Terrorism is an Attack on American Civil Liberties835 Words   |  4 PagesThe War on Terrorism is an Attack on American Civil Liberties After the attacks on 9/11 our country has been forced to confront the issue of terrorism.   The war on terrorism has ignited a war on our civil liberties.   Our civil liberties have been affected by the passing of the Patriot Act, the violation of privacy, and an increase in racial profiling. Civil liberties have been affected immensely by the Patriot Act.   A brief definition of the Patriot Act is; uniting and strengthening AmericaRead MoreEssay on Smart Profiling is More Effective Than Racial Profiling1252 Words   |  6 Pagestraces these acts of racial profiling all the way back to 1790 during the French-American War (Zakaria 308). Such injustices are usually â€Å"overreactions to a limited threat† (Zakaria 309). Zakaria identifies the current mistreatment of Middle Eastern-Muslims within the United States as a similar overreaction (Zakaria 309). In the war on terror, an unfair emphasis has been placed on the race and religion of terrorism suspects. This use of racial profiling as a tool in the war on terrorism is questionableRead MoreRacial Profiling And Violates Human Rights Essay966 Words   |  4 PagesIs Racial Profiling Justiciable Under Certain Circumstances? Racial profiling has been a longstanding argument in law enforcement practices for a number of years in American society. Often it divides and alienates communities from law enforcements while hindering police efforts to control crimes and protect civilians. Many civil right groups argue that racial profiling is ineffective and violates human rights. However after September 11th, it appears that the practice has become much more prominentRead MoreThroughout history, racial profiling has become a prevalent issue within humanity. From slavery,1400 Words   |  6 PagesThroughout history, racial profiling has become a prevalent issue within humanity. From slavery, segregation, and to world wars, furthermore ongoing issues of terrorism, these examples have led to the profound effects of racial profiling. Racial Profiling can be defined as the action of law enforcers and society, which specifically targets people based on race, ethnicity, religion or national origin and not by actual beh avior. Although, many people may believe that racial profiling is non-existent,Read MoreRacial Profiling in Different Ways791 Words   |  3 PagesRacial Profiling has been used by law enforcement officials from early 60’s during the civil rights movement. The term â€Å"racial profiling† which was introduced to criticize abusive police practices against people of different race, ethnicity or national origin. One must assess how to understand the practice, and how to keep it distinct from other issues. Racial profiling is defined as â€Å"any police-initiated action that relies on the race, ethnicity, or national origin, rather than the behavior of anRead MoreRacism : The Criminal Justice System1040 Words   |  5 Pagespolice need to stop doing racial profiling. Finally, the criminal justice system needs to be kinder to different races. Americans need to abolish the idea that racism needs to be alive. The criminal justice system does still do a bit of racial profi ling. First, americans need to get the idea of racism out of the heart and minds of the people who control our criminal justice system as a whole. The thought of racism come from the slaves in America before the civil war. They came from Africa to beRead MoreRacial Profiling And The Civil Rights Movement993 Words   |  4 Pageshas increasingly improved after the civil rights movement, racism still occurs today. Discrimination and racism toward Blacks was considered normal after the Civil War and before the civil rights movement. Many white people could openly abuse black people in the streets and no one would care. Racism and discrimination only happens at a mid extent today, which is not as often as a when Richard lived. Richard Wright was born after the Civil War, but before the Civil Rights Movement. If he were to writeRead MoreRacial Profiling by Police Must Stop Essay1201 Words   |  5 Pages The great era of civil rights started in the 1960s, with Martin Luther King, Jr.s stirring I have a Dream speech at the historic march on Washington in August of 1963. At the same time Birmingham Police Commissioner Bull Connor used powerful fire hoses and vicious police attack dogs against nonviolent black civil rights activists. Although these years proved to be the highlight and downfall of civil rights in America, even with the 1964 Civil Rights Act and the 1965 Voting Rights Act being

Origin Energy Climate Change Economics

Question: Discuss about theOrigin Energy forClimate Change Economics. Answer: Introduction: The climate change is an issue which is shaping the government policy regulations in most of the countries. The government of Australia had imposed a carbon tax before 2012 which had a short-term effect on the heavy polluters of Australia. The Direct Action Plan introduced by the Coalition government of the country has increased the competition among the companies by cutting their emission levels. According to Nyberg, Spicer and Wright (2013), these organizations are looking more for renewable energies in order to reduce greenhouse gas emission. This increases the importance of companies like Origin Energy who are producing renewable energy and related product and services. The report regards to the effects of the government policies on the organization, its risks and opportunities in the climate changing scenario, and the strategies which can help the organization to flourish. About the Sector: MacCallum, Byrne and Steele (2014), stated that the renewable energy sector of Australia is a substitute for non-renewable energy sources of the country. The objective of this sector is to protect the natural resources which are scarce and reduce pollution caused by the energy consumption incorporates the consumption of electricity, fuels for transport, and thermal energy. The total renewable energy consumed by the citizens of Australia in 2015 is 5.9 percent of the country's total energy consumption. It is 1.6 percent greater than 2011-12 levels. 61.1 percent of the country's renewable energy consumption comes from bioenergy. As stated by Gurran, Norman, and Hamin (2013), the countrys authorities have encouraged renewable energy by introducing energy policies. The main concern of these policies is to address climate changes, energy independence, and a stimulus for the economy. The sector gets its revised target of producing renewable energy from the prescribed policies of the government. The industry consists many large and small scale renewable energy suppliers devoted to the mission given by the government. The government of Australia is looking for more private and public sector investments in this industry with the objective of making renewable energy the primary source of energy. Appropriation of efficient techniques to reduce greenhouse gasses has been made mandatory by the government to reduce the impacts of climate change. Impact of Climate Change on Origin Energy: According to Fnfgeld and McEvoy (2014), the impact of climate change is havoc on the world. Climate change is causing a rise in sea level, increasing risks in the food chain, and much more harmful impacts on the planet. There exists a negative correlation between the climate change and common well being of most of the world. In the case of the Origin Energy, the predicted impacts of climate change are causing increased demand for the company's products. The present usage of nonrenewable energy is reducing the supply for future needs. This aspect is increasing the demand for renewable energy sources, of which Origin Energy is a huge name in Australia. According to Webb (2015), climate changes will increase the usage of electricity and other energy resources. Accompanied by the increasing demand and decreasing supply of energy the need for Origin Energy will rise rapidly. The climate change in the form of increasing temperature, precipitation, and sea level rise will inversely affect t he general health, agriculture, forests, and water resources. Al these impacts affect the Origin Energy in a positive way by increasing the demand for the goods and services produced by it. Differences Between Carbon Tax and Direct Action Plan and their effect on Origin Energy: According to Jotzo (2012), the Carbon tax is commonly known as the carbon pricing in Australia was introduced in 2011 and was implemented in the year 2012. It was proposed by the Gillard Labor Government as the Clean Energy Act. It was revoked in the year 2014. Due to the short existence, the organizations operating in Australia took it in an informal manner. The act was backed by minimum investment due to this short period. Hence, it can be concluded that the impact of the carbon tax was lesser than it was expected. The main objective of this Act was to ensure that the emission of greenhouse gasses, such as carbon dioxide had to be purchased from the government regarding carbon units by the organizations in order to operate in the Australian market. The aim of the regulation was to reduce greenhouse gas emission in the country by 5 percent by the year 2020 and below 80 percent by the year 2050. As stated by Head et al. (2012), it was believed that this rule would increase efficiency in the companies which are heavy greenhouse gas emitters. The act was applied to the industrial sector at the prime stage. The transport and agricultural sector were not under this act. As stated by Robson (2014), the coalition government of Australia has replaced the Labor Governments Carbon Tax policy with their Direct Action Plan. The fund for emission reduction is budgeted to cost $3 billion over four years. The common target of both the plans is to reduce the emission of the greenhouse gas to 5 percent below 2000, by the year 2020. While the carbon tax policy made the polluters pay for the amount of pollution they create, the Direct Action Plan makes the organization compete to win tenders which will provide them payments for undertaking emission reduction projects. The process is like a reverse auction, where the organizations undercut each other to win the tenders. The auctions take pace quarterly. According to the government of Australia, this is the most efficient way to reduce emissions. The projects given by the organizations have to follow two ground rules set by the government, the emission reductions must be additional measures and not just business-as -usual, the reduction estimates must be credible and verified. The projects costing the least will be considered by the government. In the case of not reaching the targets set by the government, the funds will not get in the future. The achievements will b compared to other countries. The industry of renewable energy has a new target set by the Direct Action Plan of reaching 20 percent by the year 2020. The Labor Party of Australia has supported the target. The government also created a fund to give solar panel rebates to low-income households. According to Martin and Rice (2012), due to the short existence of Carbon Tax Act, the impact of it on the renewable sector as a whole was insignificant. The informal behavior by the polluters had almost no effects on the sector and the organization. On the other hand, the Direct Action Plan has created a competition among the polluters by giving them an incentive to compete in reducing their emissions to win the tenders. This increases the demand for renewable energy sources and products. As a result, the demand for the products and services of Origin Energy increases. The increase in demand for these products and services are directly related to the degree of competition among the polluters, which is fierce due to the government policy regulations. Hence, it can be concluded that the Direct Action Plan is more significant in increasing the demand for renewable energy and related products and reducing emissions. Identification of Risks and Opportunities for Origin Energy: Risks: The organization Origin Energy identifies all the risks related to people, assets, financial objectives, reputation, customers, and the environment. With the degrading situation of the environment and change in climate the health issues has increased rapidly threatening the people of Australia (OriginEnergy 2016). This is counted as a risk by the organization as it affects the customer domain of it. Any blow to the people of the country has a negative impact on the asset situation of the organization. The degradation of natural resources also adversely affects the organization making it a risk factor. Being an organization running on profits, the financial aspects of the company is a concern to its board members. The objective of the company being, helping a social cause, the financial stability is a vital issue for the company. As stated by Freeman and Hancock (2016), the climate change has the potential to harm the financial interests of the organization. The reputation of the orga nization lies in the hand of the company's employees and helping the government in achieving its environmental goals. The Australian government not being able to meet the targets even with the help of Origin Energy is a risk for the reputation of the company. The customers' demographic of the company is changing over time. With the government's new inclusive programs more people are able to afford the services of Origin Energy. A sudden discontinuation of the government subsidy can affect the customer domain of the company which will, in turn, affect the financial status. Opportunities: According to Strengers (2012), energy has many scopes and opportunities to increase its business all over the country, as the laws and regulations are currently for the renewable energy sector. The company can increase its opportunities by increasing the general awareness of the energy situation in Australia. The consumers of the organization's products have the benefits in the form of rebates given by the government, which also adds value to the company's opportunities. With the rising change in the climate of the world and drying up non-renewable energy sources, the demand for the products of Origin Energy is increasing rapidly. Ekstrm (2015), the company has to use this situation for the benefit of the company. The company can either follow a profit maximization policy or a revenue maximization policy. Profit maximization is possible in the given situation, but it incorporates ethical issues. It leaves Origin Energy with the ethical and beneficial choice of revenue maximization th is in turn, also helps the needs of the environment of the country. Strategies for Origin Energy: Origin Energy has to follow revenue maximization policies to ensure ethical and beneficial production process. This will help the company to edge the rival companies. By producing more and reaching to more customers, the company can increase its market share. With the constant changes in the environment and the technology, the company can use the upgraded technology in the production process to increase efficiency and quality of the products and services. The company can implement the strategy of research and development. Investing in research and development will ensure better answers for the existing problems within and outside the organization. The company can hold some awareness programs on climate change and energy resources in order to educate the consumers and potential clients. The need of the organizations products can increase with increasing awareness among people (Reser et al. 2012). The company can make deals with the government of Australia to help the government reach its goals. This can ensure the company getting help from the government. The organization has the potential of updating its business model to ensure more growth. This phenomenon will help the organization to sustain in the long run. Improvement in the business model with keeping in mind the requirements of the governments laws for the environment will increase the companys market share in Australia (Burton 2014). Origin Energy can use its resources to produce variety kinds of products targeting specific consumers from the different geographical background. This strategy will help the company to expand (Arif, Oo and Ali 2013). Making deals for signing in new subsidiaries will reduce the cost of production for the organization. This way the Origin Energy can increase the quantity and quality of its products. Conclusion: With the rapid climate change, the need for organizations creating products and services which help to reduce the use of non-renewable energy is increasing. This increase is followed by several policy measures taken by the government of Australia. The Origin Energy is one of the big names in the renewable energy sector of Australia. The carbon tax act implemented by the Labor Government of Australia had no significant effect on the Origin Energy as the polluters took it more informally due to its short existence. On the other hand, the Direct Plan Action has started a competition among the emitters giving an incentive for reducing their emission. This helps the renewable sector where the Origin Energy operates by increasing the demand for their products and services. References: Arif, M.T., Oo, A.M. and Ali, A.B.M., 2013. Investigation of energy storage systems, its advantage and requirement in various locations in Australia. Journal of Renewable Energy, 2013. Burton, P.A., 2014. Policy responses to climate change in Australia: contestation, complexity and uncertainty. Ekstrm, M., 2015. Central Slopes Cluster Report, Climate Change in Australia Projections for Australias Natural Resource Management Regions: Cluster Reports, eds. Ekstrm, M. et al. Freeman, J. and Hancock, L., 2016. Energy and Communication Infrastructure for Disaster Resilience in Rural and Regional Australia. Regional Studies, pp.1-13. Fnfgeld, H. and McEvoy, D., 2014. Frame divergence in climate change adaptation policy: insights from Australian local government planning. Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy, 32(4), pp.603-622. Gurran, N., Norman, B. and Hamin, E., 2013. Climate change adaptation in coastal Australia: an audit of planning practice. Ocean coastal management, 86, pp.100-109. Head, L., Adams, M., McGregor, H.V. and Toole, S., 2014. Climate change and Australia. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change, 5(2), pp.175-197. Jotzo, F., 2012. Australia's carbon price. Nature Climate Change, 2(7), pp.475-476. MacCallum, D., Byrne, J. and Steele, W., 2014. Whither justice? An analysis of local climate change responses from South East Queensland, Australia. Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy, 32(1), pp.70-92. Martin, N.J. and Rice, J.L., 2012. Developing renewable energy supply in Queensland, Australia: A study of the barriers, targets, policies and actions. Renewable Energy, 44, pp.119-127. Nyberg, D., Spicer, A. and Wright, C., 2013. Incorporating citizens: corporate political engagement with climate change in Australia. Organization, 20(3), pp.433-453. OriginEnergy, 2016. About Origin - Origin Energy. [online] Originenergy.com.au. Available at: https://www.originenergy.com.au/about.html [Accessed 31 Oct. 2016]. Reser, J.P., Bradley, G.L., Glendon, A.I., Ellul, M.C. and Callaghan, R., 2012. Public risk perceptions, understandings and responses to climate change in Australia and Great Britain. Gold Coast, Qld: Griffith Climate Change Response Adaptation Facility. Robson, A., 2014. Australia's carbon tax: An economic evaluation. Economic Affairs, 34(1), pp.35-45. Strengers, Y., 2012. Peak electricity demand and social practice theories: Reframing the role of change agents in the energy sector. Energy Policy, 44, pp.226-234. Webb, R., 2015. Bringing Climate Action Down Under: The Politics of Climate Change in Australia. KBH Energy Center Blog.

The Inability To Provide For His Family, And Why It Drove Mr. Shimerda

The Inability to Provide for His Family, and Why it Drove Mr. Shimerda to Suicide My Antonia, by Willa Cather, is a novel about Jim Burden and his relationship and experiences growing up with Antonia Shimerda in Nebraska. Throughout the book Jim reflects on his memories of Nebraska and the Shimerda family, often times in a sad and depressing tone. One of the main ways Cather is able to provoke these sad emotions within the reader is through the suicide of Antonia's father, Mr. Shimerda. His death was unexpected by everyone and it is thought that homesickness is what drove him to take his own life. Homesickness was surely felt by Mr. Shimerda, as it was by many, but it was the failure to adequately find a way to provide for his family that sent Mr. Shimerda into a depressing downward spiral that left him no foreseeable alternative but to take his own life. The first descriptions of Mr. Shimerda are that of a successful businessman that had always provided well for his family. I noticed how white and well-shaped his own hands were. They looked calm, somehow, and skilled. His eyes were melancholy, and were set back deep under his brow. His face was ruggedly formed, but it looked like ashes - like something from which all the warmth and light had dried out. Everything about this old man was in keeping with his dignified manner (24) Mr. Shimerda was indeed a prosperous man in Bohemia, but had made his living in the business world, not by running a farm to provide for his family's needs. His hands show that he rarely performed hard manual labor, but that he did work hard with his hands to weave. His face however shows signs that he was already having doubts about the welfare of his family and their survival. The apparent glow that he must have once had was now replaced by the look of heavy thoughts. This came from the burden of providing for his family by way of very unfamiliar and difficult means. He had already lost a great deal of money in the family's traveling expenses and overpaid for their property. They paid way too much for the land and for the oxen, horses and cookstove (22). Mr. Shimerda must not have thought that he would have to support his family by means of plowing fields for food and actually building a home from materials gathered from the earth. He was a businessman and made a life for his famil y in Bohemia by working. He was a weaver by trade; had been a skilled work man on tapestries and upholstery materials (22). There was no work for him in this new country and he did not have the money to relocate his family. Certainly before he left Bohemia he believed that they had more than enough money to get by. The reality of his family's circumstances was just beginning to show their impact. Antonia points out to Jim that Mr. Shimerda looks ill My papa sick all the time Tony panted as we flew. He not look good, Jim (36). It is obvious that Mr. Shimerda was terribly stressed and was staring to show it physically. Most likely he looked ill due to not sleeping and eating. Nevertheless, Mr. Shimerda wanted desperately do the best that he could for his family. He moved his family with the hopes of finding good husbands for his daughters and wealth and land for his son. He calls onto Jim to teach Antonia to read. He does so in a very pleading, helpless way which leaves an unforgettab le memory in Jim's mind. Jim takes on the task, but unfortunately Mr. Shimerda gets little help from anyone else in the town for anything. Mr. Shimerda never really understands why he receives virtually little help from neighbors getting the farm going. He knows nothing about running the farm, and didn't even have the appropriate tools necessary. He and his family on the other hand are very trusting and would give the shirts off their backs to anyone who needed anything from them. There never were such a people as the Shimerdas for wanting to give away everything they had

The Best Way to Review Your Mistakes for the SAT

The Best Way to Review Your Mistakes for the SAT/ACT SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips What do you do when you've been prepping tirelessly for the SAT, sit down to take a practice test...and then have to face all the questions you missed? Since banging your head against a wall is not very effective, other strategies must be employed. This article lists ways to grapple with missed questions on the SAT, with targeted strategies for students scoring in the 500 and 700 ranges on the SAT (or the 21 and 31 ranges on the ACT). All these tips apply equally to the SAT and the ACT, though for simplicity I'll mostly use the SAT for specific examples in this guide. feature image credit: "Questioned Proposal" by Ethan Lofton, used under CC BY 2.0/ Cropped from original. Reconsidering How You React to Mistakes Getting questions wrong on an SAT practice test or ACT practice test can be anywhere from mildly disappointing to absolutely infuriating. Discovering that you have answered a question incorrectly can trigger any or all of the following impulses: Impulse 1: Focusing on what you did well and ignoring what you did wrong (not helpful). Impulse 2: Disregarding questions you got wrong because they were just "careless mistakes" (not helpful). Impulse 3: Focusing on the fact that you got things wrong and ignoring review in favor of self-loathing (popular among some overachievers, and yet...still not helpful). Reviewing the questions you missed, however, is an extremely important part of test prep. As this article on preparing for the LSAT states, "Reviewing...preptests is the point at which you switch over from merely practice to actually teaching yourself." Strategy: Analyze Your Confidence for Each Question It is not only important that you review missed questions, but that you also review them effectively. A helpful way to do this is by going through the questions you messed up on and sorting them into categories. Many times, questions can be sorted into these general categories: Skipped (guessed randomly on), Guessed (through elimination), and (thought you) Knew. Seeing how many questions you skipped, how many you guessed, and how many you were certain were correct can help to focus your studying. For instance, if the majority of the questions you missed were ones you skipped answering, it's possible that you could be eliminating more answers before guessing on more questions. Alternatively, you might be accidentally skipping over some questions because you're rushing and end up zipping right past them. Once you've sorted the questions you missed into these general categories, make sure to review all of the questions you guessed on, including the ones you answered correctly. Compare these questions with the questions you guessed incorrectly on. Was it just blind luck, a combination of the process of elimination and Pin the Pencil on the Scantron ®? Or is there a difference between the way you approached the guessed questions you got correctly and incorrectly? "140617_FF_CHEAPDEGREE" by Natalie Freitas, used under CC BY-S.A. 2.0/Cropped from original. Pin-the-pencil-on-the-Scantron ®: probably the worst party game. Strategy: Understand the Reason for Missing Each Question Sort the questions by the fundamental reason you missed them. Don't just think, "Well, I got that one wrong." That's not useful in figuring out where you're really making mistakes. I find that nearly all mistakes fall into four categories: Time Issue: You were pressed for time. Question Comprehension Issue: The question was too complicated, you weren't exactly sure what it was asking, or you were tricked by the question. Procedural/Content Issue: You didn't know how to find the answer to the question, or didn't know the material the question covered. Careless Error: A.k.a. careless mistakes, a.k.a. stupid mistakes, a.k.a. the most frustrating mistakes of all. We'll go more deeply into each one. I'll also give you tips on how to prepare, depending on whether you're scoring around a 500/21 level or around a 700/31 level. Mistake Type 1: Time Crunch These are questions where you were pressed for time and couldn't answer the question. This is often the case with skipped or incorrectly guessed questions. Out of all the questions you missed, how many of these "ran out of time" questions are there? If the majority of your missed questions happened because you were running low on time, you may have a time management issue. Do You Have Good Time Management? So how do you know if you have a problem with time management? One way to check is by taking a timed practice test (under realistic conditions). If you run out of time to answer all of the questions, continue answering questions, but mark the questions for which you needed the extra time. Afterwards, you can go back and categorize the questions you needed extra time for and sort them into the remaining three categories of errors. How many questions did you get right with extra time, as compared to questions you answered correctly during test length? If your scaled scores differ by more than either 50 points on any section of the SAT, or by more than 4 points on any section of the ACT, then you have a time management issue. For more information about why time management is so important, look into our article on scoring perfectly on the SAT. If you want more specifics on how to combat time management weaknesses, especially for Reading, definitely check out 10 Strategies for getting a perfect SAT Reading score and how to avoid running out of time on SAT Reading (or ACT Reading). You may notice particular skill weaknesses across all the questions you ran out of time on. Make a note of these: if you know what is wrong, then you can fix it. If there are no commonalities between the questions, you might just be spending too much time on some questions, and you need to improve your fluency with taking the test by following some of our suggested actions. Actions for a 500/21 Scorer: Don't get sucked in- monitor your time on each question. On the SAT, the breakdown of total time allowed for each question (including double-checking!) is as follows: Section Total Questions Total Time (minutes) Approximate Time per Question Reading 52 65 75 seconds Writing and Language 44 35 47 seconds Math (No Calculator) 20 25 75 seconds Math (Calculator) 38 55 86 seconds And here's the breakdown of time per question for the ACT: Section Total Questions Total Time (minutes) Approximate Time per Question English 75 45 36 seconds Math 60 60 60 seconds Reading 40 35 52 seconds Science 40 55 52 seconds You can do the math yourself, if you want the practice! For more information on the SAT and timing, try our expert guide on the SAT's length, or read our equivalent article on the ACT's length here. Do you find that you always run out of time? One of the best strategies for students scoring in the 500 range is to just guess on the hardest questions. In fact, because of the way the SAT is scored, you can actually guess on up to 25% of the multiple choice questions and still get a 600. How do you know which questions are the hardest ones? In Math, the questions at the end of each section are the most difficult. This means that, for instance, in the 20-question Math section, you should completely skip the last 4 questions. Focus the energy you would have spent on those questions on getting the other 16 correct. For more surefire strategies to attain a 600 in SAT Math, read our article on improving your SAT Math score. Reading is a little trickier, since it includes lengthy reading passages, and the questions are not (for the most part) ordered by difficulty. Our blog has more specific information in our post on improving your SAT Reading score, but the basic takeaways are: -When faced with a lengthy passage, read and mark-up the questions first. This way, you will already know the information you should be considering when reading the passage. -Skim the passage on your first read-through. Sometimes, several lines of the passage will not have relevance to any of the following questions, so why spend extra time on a detailed read the first time through? If possible, try finishing the passage in 3 minutes or less. -If you cannot answer a question in 30 seconds or less, guess "B" on it and move on. You won't have points taken off for incorrect answers, so if you guess the same answer choice for every answer you don't know, you should get it right about 25% of the time. Overall, practice can help you get faster at taking the SAT/ACT, and the more high quality practice questions and tests you do and take, the more comfortable you'll be. Actions for a 700/31 Scorer: If you're already scoring in the 700 range, and you know time management is not the issue, chances are you just need to up your speed (whether for one particular type of question or overall). Again, this comes from practice, like endless lay-up drills in basketball or scales on a musical instrument. When I had to learn piano scales as part of the graduation requirements for my Master's program, I started out by seeing what my natural pace was (average of 1 note every 4-5 seconds). I followed this by calculating the difference between that and the target pace (1 note/second) for the exam, then setting incremental goals for myself so that I could create a realistic timeline for learning this new skill and focus my practicing towards that timeline. The same strategy works for test prep. For every section, you should calculate your own time per question. For ACT Math, for example, there are 60 minutes to solve 60 questions. This means an average of 1 minute per question, but the questions at the end will likely take you much longer than 1 minute. This means you might have a goal of 30 seconds per question for questions 1-20, 60 seconds per question for #21-40, and 90 seconds per question for #41-60. The key here is that during the test, if you find yourself spending more than your target time goal, you need to skip that question. You want to avoid getting sucked into wasting time on a question. On these points every question is worth the same point, and at your level every point counts. Therefore, your goal should be to answer as many questions correctly as possible. Mistake Type 2: Question Comprehension SAT questions might need to have one unambiguous answer, but that doesn't mean that they can't trick you with the wording of the question. Oddly, this is especially lethal for those who read quickly, because it can lead you (and by you, I perhaps mean me) to focus on the wrong part of the question. The first time I looked at this question, I read through it too quickly and solved for p, rather than 3p + 2. Always make sure you know what the question is asking before you look at the answers. Often, the SAT will give several incorrect answer choices that each could be correct if you'd misread the question a particular way. "It's a trap!" by anneheathen, used under CC BY 2.0/ Cropped from original. Not all traps are this obvious. Actions for a 500/21 Scorer: In some cases, it can help to write out the information the question provides in simpler form. Take this sample math question: In one semester, Doug and Laura spent a combined 250 hours in the tutoring lab. If Doug spent 40 more hours in the lab than Laura did, how many hours did Laura spend in the lab? Now, write out the information given in the question separately, in your scratch area: Total hours in lab = 250 Laura = x hours Doug = x + 40 hours Solve for x (take that, Doug!) It might seem redundant, but writing out the information separately not only gets it into your brain, but also prevents you from grabbing the wrong number or unit of measure when you go to plug it into your equation or answer. If you're concerned that writing everything out will take too much time, underlining the relevant information in the question can also be useful. Example (underlining mine): Which of the following does the author suggest about the "female goats" mentioned in line 59? A) They secreted antithrombin in their milk after giving birth. B) Some of their kids were not born with the antithrombin gene. C) They were the first animals to receive microinjections. D) Their cells already contained genes usually found in humans. Actions for a 700/31 Scorer: Slow down when reading the question for the first time. Students who leave time to double (or even triple) check their answers sometimes don't bother re-reading the question on their second (or third) time through, which means that if you misread the question the first time, it doesn't matter how many times you double-check your thinking process- you won't be able to correct your mistake. Because of this, re-reading the question is important as well, because it allows you to make sure the question is asking what you think it was asking when you go through it again. Mistake Type 3: Procedural/Content Issue If it is a multiple choice question, identify what type of question it is. For instance, we at PrepScholar have identified the major SAT Reading passage question types as: #1: Big Picture/Main Point #2: Little Picture/Detail #3: Inference #4: Vocabulary in Context #5: Function #6: Author Technique For a breakdown of the SAT Math question types, read our article here. If you want to learn more about the Writing section, try our complete breakdown of SAT grammar rules. Is your problem with how to answer certain types of questions, like Inference questions? Or is the problem knowing the content, like specific grammar rules or trigonometry formulas? Actions for Everyone: For these kinds of missed questions, there are two main steps to take. Step 1: Find a source for lesson material. For content issues, this could be class notes, textbooks on the material, or a test prep book or a complete prep program like PrepScholar. For procedural issues, definitely check out SAT prep books and sites on strategies. Step 2: Practice answering questions, over and over and over (see above regarding lay-ups and scales), reviewing them well. If you follow these two steps, you will be full of well-founded confidence when questions that previously stymied you (whether in terms of how to answer them or what they were asking about) pop up on test day. "consumer confidence" by Chris Karen Highland, used under CC BY-SA 2.0/ Cropped from original. Cape not suggested as part of your test-day apparel. Bonus (or possibly not, depending): You are far less likely to drive your siblings crazy by drilling yourself on practice questions than by drilling yourself on piano arpeggios! Not that I would know from personal experience. Nope. Mistake Type 4: Careless Error My favorite type of mistake- seemingly innocuous, but with a potentially fatal impact. Story time: Once upon a time, during my very sleep-deprived junior year of high school, I added 2 and 2 together to get A) 8 and B) 2. At various points on the SAME CALCULUS TEST. And while yes, I was sleep-deprived, this was not the only factor. Rushing headlong through answer choices (or problem solving, in the case of some math questions) is often the prime culprit for careless mistakes. This is completely understandable, as you are taking a timed test, but ultimately it can be counterproductive if you don't have the appropriate backups in place. Common Careless Errors Here I've broken down some of the most common careless errors by subject area. Reading: Misreading the question, particularly by not noticing words like "except." On practice tests, I would sometimes lose valuable time by trying to choose among answers that seemed to be all correct, only to realize that the question was actually asking for the one that was INcorrect. Math: Solving for the wrong value. I cannot stress enough how annoying it is to finish a practice test and realize you solved for the wrong value (particularly since these are often answer choices). See my previous example of the sort of questions where this can happen particularly easily. Writing and Language: Reading through the question too quickly and choosing "NO CHANGE," particularly with questions at the end of the section. Don't just select "No Change" if the sentence looks right to you- also make sure you can eliminate all three other answer choices. Actions for a 500/21 Scorer: Ask yourself why you made the careless mistakes. Were you feeling pressed for time? Were you actually pressed for time? What can you do in the future to help head this off? Check out our article on top SAT test day tips for some helpful suggestions. Actions for a 700/31 Scorer: Make sure you leave yourself enough time to go back over questions- not just going over your work, but redoing questions (especially those you are unsure of). PrepScholar co-founder Allen Cheng suggests leaving yourself at least 5 minutes to spare in his article on how to get a perfect SAT score. How to Streamline Future Review Okay, you know everything now about what you were doing wrong with your reviewing of missed questions. How can you make it more efficient (and effective) in the future? A few final tips: #1: When going through tests, always mark the questions you think you have a 3/4 or less chance of getting correct. Circling the numbers of the questions works well for me, because you can circle them lightly on your first time through the test, and circle ones you're still unsure of more heavily on your second time through. You'll be able to review everything you were unsure about, even if you ended up getting them right. Knowing you've looked over everything you were unsure about, even if you ended up getting the question correct, will make you more confident you're choosing the right answer in the future, because you will have put in the time. #2: Just like a tooth with a cavity, the best way to get better is to...drill. I have no regrets about this wordplay. I am also 100% serious. Practice may not make perfect, but it does make answering the questions you have trouble with more routine, which in turn can get you closer to perfection. See also my earlier explanation for why you should structure your practice. "Facepalm" by Philipp Boisserà ©e, used under CC BY-ND 2.0. #3: Don't immediately go back and try to re-do missed questions (or if you do, don't let that be the only time you re-do them). It's more helpful to let some time pass in between attempts- a day is usually good enough, but anywhere between few hours or a week can also work, depending on the person- because then you can try it again fresh. #4: Keep a notebook or computer record of questions you got wrong, sorted by subject (Math, Reading, Writing and Language for the SAT, or English, Math, Reading, and Science for the ACT) and question subtype (e.g. big picture vs. little picture questions in Reading). Note for each question why you missed it and how you plan to remedy this in the future (even if the remedy is just "Practice this kind of question until it appears in my dreams, possibly accompanied by piano scales"). Reviewing questions you got wrong is integral to effective test prep. Learning from one's mistakes is not just a saying- it reflects the reality that can help you break through a score ceiling and drastically improve your score on the the SAT or ACT. The trick is to know not just where you are making mistakes, but to practice those same types of questions over and over until you have mastered them. What's Next? What's a good target score you should aim for? Find out in our guides for the SAT and the ACT. Want to score a perfect SAT score or ACT score? A perfect scorer has the advice you need. Read our guide on getting a 1600 on the SAT or getting a 36 on the ACT. Not sure when to start studying? Get advice on how much time you should put into studying for the SATs here. If you want more specifics on how to prepare for each section for the SAT, try our study guides for low scorers (Math, Reading, Writing) or high scorers (Math, Reading, Writing). Looking to review mistakes in your code as well as on your SAT/ACT? Our guide to the JavaScript TypeOf Function explains what TypeOf can tell you and how to use it. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points? Check out our best-in-class online SAT and ACT prep classes. We guarantee your money back if you don't improve your SAT score by 160+ points or your ACT score by 4+ points. Our classes are entirely online, and they're taught by experts. If you liked this article, you'll love our classes. Along with expert-led classes, you'll get personalized homework with thousands of practice problems organized by individual skills so you learn most effectively. We'll also give you a step-by-step, custom program to follow so you'll never be confused about what to study next. Try it risk-free today:

Camel racing and beauty Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

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